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L’esplorazione dell’Antartide - Il giornale del mare
Skip to content Già presente nelle carte geografiche del XVI secolo, anche se mai visitata, l’Antartide o Terra Australe e’ rimasta inesplorata per tantissimo tempo. Antartide ,una terra che e’ stata ostile anche all’ esploratore James Cook che si dovette arrendere davanti ai “ghiacci colossali ” che non gli permisero di esplorarla.
Terra Incognita, cosi aveva soprannominato l’Antartide il geografo greco Tolomeo che nelle sue mappe aveva immaginato una terra vasta ed abitata da popoli ricchi separata dal resto del mondo da terre inaccessibili all’uomo.
Nel 1473 fu un navigatore portoghese, tale Lopes Gonçalves, che dopo essere rimasto in balia del mare disse di aver scoperto la Terra Incognita di Tolomeo, abitata da un popolo ricco e felice. Molto probabilmente però non si trattava dell’Antartide ma più probabilmente del Brasile. Nel 1578 la Regina Elisabetta I volle cercare la Terra incognita ed invio una spedizione capitanata da Francis Drake il quale riusci a raggiungere Capo Horn scoprendo il passaggio per il Pacifico (soprannominato poi Canale Drake) .
“Le terre che possono trovarsi a Sud non saranno mai toccate”.
James Cook Fu la volta di Hemodn Halley che nel 1699 parti alla scoperta dell’Antartide. A lui si devono i primi avvistamenti di Iceberg registrati nell’emisfero australe. Purtroppo maltempo e rischi di collisione con gli stessi obbligarono Halley a ritornare. Le prime scoperte ufficiali hanno luogo dopo la fine delle guerre Napoleoniche anche se si pensa che in passato qualche baleniere possa avere raggiunto le pericolose coste dell’Antartide.
Nel 1819 e’ stato Frederick Hasselborough che mise per primo piede sull’isola di Maquerie mentre William Smith arrivò alle Shetland e sull’isola di Re Giorgio: Nel 1820 parti la prima vera spedizione organizzata. Una nave russa il 27 Gennaio arrivo a 69° 21′ a soli 32 Km da quella che e’ oggi nota come Terra della Regina Madre.
Segui nel 1823 James Weddel (da cui prende il nome la Foca di Weddel) che con due piccole navi riusci ad entrare tra gli spazi ristretti dei ghiaccia arrivando ai 74° 15′ : I resoconti di Weddel furono utilizzati successivamente dagli esploratori che dopo di lui tentarono di raggiungere l’Antartide (Ed ispirarono anche Edgar Allan Poe nella stesura dello scritto “le avventure di Gordon Pym “).
Le prime vere spedizione scientifiche cominciano intorno alla metà del 1800. Fu il re di Francia Luigi Filippo che fece partire una spedizione condotta da Jules Dumont d’Urville il quale nel 1840 si avvicino’ alla costa dell’Antartide ma non vi sbarcò mai. Mise piede soltanto su di una piccola isola (Pointe Géologie ) dove raccolse rocce ed osservò i pinguini oltre ad issare la bandiera francese. L’anno dopo fu James Clark Ross, lo stesso che aveva raggiunto per primo il polo Nord magnetico a scopre la Terra Vittoria, nome dato in onore della Regina d’Inghilterra. L’equipaggio della nave continuo’ successivamente nelle sue esplorazioni allargando le scoperte a quello che oggi e’ conosciuto come il Mare di Ross.
Nel 1874 invece il circolo polare fu raggiunto dalla nave da ricerca più’ celebre, la Challenger. Dopodiché furono diverse le baleniere che si spinsero sino alle glaciali acque dell’Antartide:
Il 3 di Febbraio del 1902 Robert Falcon Scott conquistò un primato interessante: riusci ad innalzarsi a bordo di un pallone aerostatico sino a circa 230 metri di altezza per osservare l’Antartide dall’alto.
L‘esplorazione dell’Antartide di Scott durò però più del previsto dato che la sua nave rimase incagliata per 2 anni tra i ghiacci. Scott ebbe cosi modo esplorare le terre grazie a delle slitte tirate da cani arrivando sino al monte Markhan.
Il primato del volo spetta all’americano Hubert Wilkins che sorvolo l’oceano a bordo del monoplano “Lockeed Vega ” arrivando sino alle Shetland . Dopo la seconda guerra mondiale nacque la Base di McMurdo con la prima pista d’atterraggio per mezzi pesanti. Nel 1957 fu realizzata poi la base Amundsen Scott .
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