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L'ostrica - Ostrea edulis
Skip to content Ostrea oppure anche Ostrica sono i nomi dati a molluschi bivalvi molto apprezzati in cucina. Esistono diverse specie di ostriche ma una delle piu’ apprezzate in cucina é sicuramente l’ostrica endemica del Mediterraneo ovvero Ostra edulis .
Si tratta di una specie autoctona, ed é stata la sola specie sino all’arrivo della specie Magallana gigas , introdotta in Mediterraneo dal Pacifico da navigatori portoghesi tra il XVI ed il XVII secolo. E’ presente in Adriatico ed in basso Mediterraneo sino al Marocco e la Tunisia, molto abbondante nel canale della Manica ed in tutto il mare del Nord.
L’ostrica vive a profondità mai superiori ai 30m , spesso la si incontra anche nella zona del mesolitorale sottoposta a grosse escursioni di marea. Vivono saldate al substrato insieme ad altre ostriche sempre saldando la valva inferiore (la sinistra). Riesce anche a vivere in acque di transizione come le lagune e gli estuari. Non sopporta le alte temperature (15° massimo in estate) e la salinità non deve mai scendere al di sotto del 2%. Un’ acqua torbida non é l’ambiente preferito dalle ostriche che hanno bisogno dia acque ben ossigenate e ricche di sostanze nutritive. Una temperatura dell’acqua inferiore ai 10° invece riduce la velocità di crescita del mollusco.
L’ostrica comune o ostrica piatta possiede delle valve piuttosto circolari con una valva inferiore cava che contiene l’animale ed una valva superiore piatta.
Lamelle concentriche si sovrappongono, segnate da nervature trasversali. Il periostraco è molto sottile. L’interno è bianco grigiastro, perlato e liscio. L’esterno, grigio-marrone, presenta rilievi prominenti.
Un pescatore di ostriche durante la bassa marea
Alimentazione dell’ostrica L’ostrica si nutre di fitoplancton filtrando l’acqua di mare, al ritmo di pochi litri l’ora. Le particelle in sospensione vengono trattenute da tutte le ciglia delle branchie.
Riproduzione dell’ostrica L’ostrica piatta è ermafrodita . Può cambiare sesso più volte durante l’estate, la stagione della deposizione delle uova. Gli spermatozoi emessi nell’acqua raggiungono grazie alle correnti altri individui; la fecondazione è interna ed avviene nella cavità del mantello.. Le larve si sviluppano dopo circa dieci giorni (dimensione: 0,2 mm). Ad ogni deposizione, l’ostrica emette da 500.000 a 1.500.000 larve.
A seconda della temperatura dell’acqua, la fase planctonica dura da cinque giorni (26 ° C) a 14 giorni (17 ° C). Dopo la metamorfosi, le larve planctoniche si attaccano al substrato grazie al loro “piede”, per secrezione di un composto che si solidifica a contatto con l’acqua. In questa fase misurano meno di un mm. In generale le ostriche cercano una profondità compresa tra 1 e 7 m, anche se possono resistere temporaneamente all’assenza di acqua. In un primo momento si ancorano grazie ad un bisso in attesa che la ghiandola secerne la sostanza appiccicosa. La conchiglia viene quindi saldata in modo permanente dalla valva sinistra; il piede e la ghiandola successivamente si atrofizzano.
Parassiti Il protozoo Marteilia refringens (Grizel & al. 1974) (con una dimensione che va da 7 a 35 micron) è un parassita dell’ostrica piatta. Situato nel sistema digerente, provoca perdita di peso sino alla morte dell’animale
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