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Le alghe marine
Skip to content I grandi ammassi di foglie che si ritrovano sulla spiaggia dopo le mareggiante appartengono a piante marine, e particolarmente alla Posidonia oceanica . Ma le piante marine sono relativamente rare in mare perché il loro spazio ecologico è occupato dalle alghe . Le alghe marine possono vivere sia fissate al substrato (sessili) o vivere nella massa d’acqua e trasportate dalle correnti marine (planctoniche.)
Le alghe sono degli organismi unicellulari o pluricellulari semplicissimi . La cellula delle alghe a differenza delle cellule delle piante non sono specializzate nella formazione di tessuto.
Le alghe sono organismi autotrofi (capaci dunque di sintetizzare le proprie molecole organiche) ed in grado di
produrre energia per fotosintesi (Non sempre a partire dalla clorofilla).
La classificazione delle alghe marine , oggi non è ancora completa, infatti non appartengono ad un vero e proprio taxon sistematico. Infatti possiamo ritrovare tra le alghe diversi gruppi sistematici con caratteristiche simili.
In questo grande gruppo sono state in passato incluse le alghe azzurre , dette anche cianofite che sono degli organismi unicellulari procarioti autotrofi, oggi inserite nel taxon dei cianobatteri.
La diversità delle alghe ha sempre messo in crisi i ricercatori, tendano di trovare un filo comune tra tutti questi organismi. Le Kelp giganti , delle alghe pluricellulari possono raggiungere i 65m di lunghezza. Molto diverse quindi da organismi unicellulari spesso non visibili a occhio nudo.
Oggi le alghe sono classifica in base ai pigmenti presenti all’interno degli apparati fotosintetici, in base al ciclo riproduttivo, alla composizione della parete oppure alla presenza o meno di flagelli.
Il grande gruppo delle alghe marine In questo grande gruppo ritroviamo le euglene o euglenoidi , le alghe giallo-brune , i dinoflagellati (come le zooxantelle ), le diatomee e le alghe brune oltre al grande gruppo delle macroalghe (alghe verdi e le alghe rosse ).
Le rodofite in cucina Nella cucina asiatica le rodofite sono utilizzate sia come alimento (nori) o per produrre agar agar, carragenina o altri additivi alimentari.
Le alghe rosse o rodofite sono probabilmente le più antiche, hanno una colorazione rosso acceso (dovuta alla presenza di ficobiloproteine) e vivono in tutti i mare anche se preferiscono acque calde.
Le alghe brune hanno una colorazione scura e vivono in mari temperati e freddi. Molte sono in grado di vivere al di fuori delle acque come ad esempio le alghe brune che popolano i litorali costieri del mare del nord che subiscono forti escursioni di marea. Sono utilizzate per produrre mangime per acquacoltura.
Le alghe verdi vivono invece in acque costiere ricche di elementi nutritivi. Il colore verde è dato dalla clorofilla. Le alghe giallo brune vivono sia in mare che in acque dolci. Ne fanno parte ad esempio le diatomee, importanti perché producono circa il 25% dell’ossigeno immesso nell’atmosfera.
Dove vivono le alghe Le alghe vivono sia in mare che in acqua dolce. Le possiamo ritrovare in acque stagnanti, in simbiosi con altri organismi come ad esempio i coralli, su substrati mobili, su rocce o allo stato pelagico.
Utilizzo delle alghe marine Le alghe marine sono oggi utilizzate sia in erboristeria che in cucina. Il fuco (Fucus serratus ) è usato in Irlanda e Francia per la produzione di cosmetici e per la talassoterapia. Anche la coda di pavone (Padina pavonica ) e la quercia marina sono utilizzate sono utilizzate per idratare la pelle grazie al principio attivo HPS3 che ha la capacità di trattenere l’acqua e combattere l’invecchiamento della pelle.
Le alghe in cucina Le alghe sono utilizzate in cucina da migliaia di anni. Oggi molte alghe tra cui il Wakame vanno “di moda” perché parte integrante del sushi giapponese. In Europa invece la lattuga di mare (Ulva lactuca), della famiglia delle ulvacee è utilizzata per preparare le frittelle di mare.
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