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Cosa é il bisso dei molluschi bivalvi - Il giornale del mare
Skip to content Il bisso dei molluschi bivalvi è una fibra tessile di origine naturale e un esempio straordinario dell’adattamento evolutivo di queste creature marine all’ambiente in cui vivono.
Cos’è il bisso?
Il bisso è una sostanza filamentosa prodotta da alcune specie di molluschi bivalvi , tra cui i più conosciuti sono gli organismi del genere Mytilus . Questi filamenti, lunghi e robusti, vengono secreti da una ghiandola specifica situata nel piede del mollusco. Il piede del mollusco è un organo muscolare che gli permette di spostarsi e ancorarsi su diverse superfici.
La funzione principale del bisso è quella di consentire ai molluschi di ancorarsi a superfici solide come rocce, relitti o substrati marini. Questo meccanismo li protegge dall’essere trascinati via dalle correnti marine, dalle onde o da potenziali predatori. I molluschi che producono il bisso sono tipicamente sessili, ovvero rimangono attaccati a un determinato substrato per gran parte della loro vita, e dipendono da questa sostanza per restare al sicuro in un ambiente caratterizzato da forti correnti.
Come viene prodotto il bisso? Il processo di produzione del bisso è altrettanto straordinario quanto la sua funzione. Le ghiandole bissoidi nel piede del mollusco secernono una proteina liquida che, a contatto con l’acqua, si solidifica formando i filamenti di bisso . Questi filamenti aderiscono alle superfici grazie a una particolare colla naturale prodotta dal mollusco , che ha una forte capacità adesiva anche in ambienti umidi e sottomarini.
Questa “colla biologica” ha attirato l’attenzione della scienza, in quanto potrebbe offrire spunti per lo sviluppo di adesivi resistenti all’acqua , utili in molte applicazioni industriali e mediche. Infatti, si sta studiando come il bisso possa ispirare la creazione di materiali biocompatibili e sostenibili.
La funzione del bisso Il bisso svolge diverse funzioni essenziali per la sopravvivenza dei molluschi. La più evidente è la capacità di ancorarsi a superfici dure, il che permette ai molluschi di resistere a condizioni marine turbolente. Tuttavia, il bisso non solo serve a proteggere i molluschi dalle correnti, ma li aiuta anche a creare colonie più stabili, facilitando la riproduzione e la sopravvivenza della specie.
Alcuni studi hanno dimostrato che i molluschi possono “scegliere” dove ancorarsi in base alle condizioni ambientali, selezionando superfici più adatte per garantire maggiore stabilità e accesso a fonti di cibo. Il bisso diventa quindi uno strumento cruciale per la loro strategia di sopravvivenza .
Il bisso nella storia e nell’arte Oltre alla sua funzione biologica, il bisso ha anche un significato storico e culturale. In passato, il bisso prodotto dalla Pinna nobilis veniva raccolto e filato per creare un tessuto prezioso noto come “seta di mare” . Questo tessuto, di colore dorato, era estremamente raro e veniva utilizzato per la realizzazione di abiti e tessuti di lusso, riservati spesso a nobili e figure di alto rango. La seta di mare è stata utilizzata in epoche antiche e medievali, soprattutto in regioni del Mediterraneo come l’Italia meridionale, e veniva considerata un prodotto di grande pregio.
La raccolta del bisso, tuttavia, è diventata sempre più rara con il declino delle popolazioni di Pinna nobilis , ora considerate una specie protetta a causa della distruzione dei loro habitat e dell’inquinamento marino. L’arte del lavorare la seta di mare è quasi completamente scomparsa, sebbene vi siano ancora alcune artigiane, soprattutto in Sardegna, che mantengono viva questa tradizione.
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