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Le interazioni tra gli organismi marini - Il giornale del mare
Skip to content La sopravvivenza di una specie nell’ambiente marino dipende dalla capacità dei singoli individui di procurarsi il cibo, riprodursi ed evitare di diventare preda per altri organismi. Nell’ambiente acquatico come in quello terrestre, gli animali stabiliscono rapporti di “alleanza” o di “rivalità” per sopravvivere.
Se il cibo comincia a venire meno , allora tra gli organismi che utilizzano le stesse risorse alimentari si traduce in pratica una vera e propria “competizione” ,una cruenta lotta per la sopravvivenza nella quale vinceranno gli individui più adatti alle nuove condizioni ambientali. La competizione può avvenire tra organismi della stessa specie (intraspecifica) o tra organismi di specie differenti (interspecifica) e la causa scatenante può essere varia; dalla ricerca delle risorse alimentari al possesso del territorio. Nella competizione interspecifica col tempo la specie più adatta eliminerà l’altra, se le due specie invece convivono nello stesso habitat allora vorrà dire che hanno bisogno di risorse differenti.
7 diversi tipi di interazioni tra organismi marini Le interazioni tra gli organismi marini – Predazione e Parassitismo Uno squalo cattura un pesce scorpione La predazione è anch’esso un rapporto di competizione interspecifica, nel quale un predatore cattura una preda per cibarsene. Il rapporto preda-predatore si instaura tra animali che nella maggior parte dei casi appartengono a livelli trofici differenti. Il rapporto preda-predatore è importantissimo per il mantenimento del naturale equilibrio dell’ecosistema.
Una forma particolare di predazione è il parassitismo , una forma di interazione biologica, generalmente di natura trofica, fra due specie di organismi di cui uno è detto parassita e l’altro ospite . Il parassita vive a spese dell’ospite spesso portandolo anche alla morte.
Il parassitismo è un metodo non convenzionale per procacciarsi risorse, anche se la sua massiccia diffusione tra i viventi lo rende la norma più che l’eccezione.
Le interazioni tra gli organismi marini – Meccanismi di difesa
Campioni di Mimetismo Il mimetismo è la capacità di un individuo di nascondersi confondendosi con l’ambiente (es.), per non essere individuato. Un’arma importante nella lotta tra prede e predatori che, spesso, utilizzano per cogliere di sorpresa le prede.
ALLEANZE Diversi esempi di simbiosi Spesso individui della stessa specie si riuniscono per garantire la sopravvivenza dell’intera comunità. Alcuni pesci come i clupeidi o alcuni scombridi ad esempio si riuniscono in folti branchi per difendersi dai predatori o per assalire meglio le prede come alcuni cetacei o squaliformi. Un particolare rapporto di alleanza tra organismi e specie diverse è la simbiosi , nella quale 2 organismi convivono aiutandosi l’uno con l’altro .
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