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L'impatto delle attività umane nelle grandi profondità
Skip to content Un censimento della vita marina degli abissi misurerà l’impatto delle attività umane nelle grandi profondità, fino ad ora sconosciute. Il programma “Pourquoi pas les abysses” utilizza tecniche innovative.
Il 20 ottobre 2020, l’Autorità internazionale dei fondali marini, con sede in Giamaica, ha ricevuto tutti i testi che comporranno il “codice relativo all’esplorazione e allo sfruttamento dei noduli polimetallici negli abissi “, che ha stabilito le condizioni per lo sviluppo economico dei fondali oceanici. Questo regolamento, in costruzione dal 1998, è strategico in quanto questi luoghi ancora poco conosciuti si presentano oggi come un nuovo Eldorado per un gran numero di Stati e aziende che potrebbero avviare un’attività di estrazione dei preziosi minerali. In particolare quella di Noduli polimetallici, concrezioni ricche di rame, cobalto e nichel, tutti materiali essenziali per la realizzazione di apparecchiature ad alta tecnologia (smartphone, turbine eoliche, ecc.). L’avidità è tale che a maggio le ONG Deep Sea Mining Campaign e MiningWatch hanno pubblicato un rapporto allarmante basato su una revisione di 250 articoli scientifici. Si conclude “che gli impatti dell’estrazione di noduli nell’Oceano Pacifico sarebbero considerevoli, gravi e durerebbero per generazioni, provocando danni irreversibili …”. Tuttavia, gli ecosistemi situati a diverse migliaia di metri di profondità nelle pianure abissali fino ad oggi sono rimasti per oltre il 95% non esplorati.
Per gli scienziati è quindi urgente! “Vogliamo stilare un inventario delle specie presenti nell’abisso, gran parte delle quali ci è ancora sconosciuta “, spiega Sophie Arnaud-Haond , ricercatrice presso il laboratorio mediterraneo Ifremer , a Sète . Gli oceani rappresentano più di due terzi del pianeta, l’abisso ne occupa più della metà! ” Questa è precisamente la sfida che deve affrontare la missione francese Pourquoi pas les abysses? che lavora da tre anni all’inventario della biodiversità delle profondità marine. Il giro del mondo in 80 siti esplorati per la prima volta grazie alla tecnica del campionamento ambientale del DNA, a volte a più di 10.000 metri di profondità.
Mille anni di lavoro con metodi ordinari Il raggiungimento di un simile obiettivo era, fino a poco tempo fa, una sfida impossibile da raggiungere su scala di una singola generazione. Se stimiamo che dal 60 all’80% della biodiversità terrestre abita gli oceani, occorrerebbero davvero mille anni per inventariarla con metodi ordinari! “Il campionamento ambientale del DNA ora ci consente di estrarre filamenti di DNA dall’aria o dall’acqua dei campioni presenti al momento del campionamento … “, indica Sophie Arnaud-Haond. Circa 50 ricercatori hanno quindi prelevato con sonde quasi 3.000 campioni di acqua e sedimenti a grandi profondità. Innanzitutto, questa tecnica è stata finora utilizzata solo fino a poche centinaia di metri. Queste sonde mirano a specifiche piccole porzioni di DNA che in un certo senso costituiscono la carta d’identità degli esseri viventi presenti nei campioni. In altre parole, organismi estremi abissali, adattati al buio totale, a forti pressioni, alla virtuale assenza di ossigeno e cibo, capaci di vivere a temperature variabili dai 2 ° C delle pianure abissali ai 400 ° C vicino a sorgenti idrotermali.
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